World Response to European Empires Vocabulary

1. Toussaint L’Overture

• leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804

2. Caudillos 

• independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized nation governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America

3. Monroe Doctrine

• American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade

4. Positivism

• French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence

5. La Reforma 

• the liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna

6. Fazendas 

• coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil

7. Simon Bolviar

• Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia

8. Tanzimat Reforms 

• series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

9. Young Turks (Ottoman Society for Union and Progress) 

• organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution

10. Khedives 

• descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952

11. Mahdist Revolt 

• colonial war of the late 19th century; fought between the Mahdist Sudanese and the Egyptian and later British forces

12. Compradors 

• wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world

13. Opium War 

• fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade

14. Taiping Rebellion 

• broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry

15. Boxer Rebellion 

• popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials

16. Self-strengthening movement 

• Chinese period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats by foreigners during the 19th century

17. Extraterritoriality 

• the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of the local law

18. Treaty Ports 

• ports that European empires used in Asia to conduct trade and start spheres of Western influence from 1842 to the mid 1900s

19. Meiji Era 

• Japanese era which extended from September 1868 through July 1912; represents the first half of the Empire of Japan

20. Intelligentsia 

• Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West

21. Bolsheviks 

• literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in 1917 revolution

22. Russo-Japanese War 

• war between Japan and Russia (1902-1905) over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance

23. Zaibatsu 

• huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

24. Stolypin Reforms 

• reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotyr Stolpyin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry

25. Kulaks

• agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land

European Revolts & Revolutions Vocabulary

1. Imperialism 

• policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire over foreign countries

2. Industrialization 

• manufacturing on a large scale; revolution started in Great Britain

3. Nationalism

• political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other isms; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin

4.Congress of Vienna 

• meeting in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes

5. Luddite 

• British textile merchants who protested against the Industrial Revolution because they felt it was taking away their jobs; oftentimes destroyed looms

6. Revolutions of 1848 

• liberal and nationalistic rebellions that provided temporary gains but collapsed under the hostility of conservative peasants and growing fears of disorder among the bourgeoise

7. Romanticism 

• artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection

8. Liberals 

• political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments

9. Radicals 

• political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes

10. Conservatives 

• political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church

11. Reform Bill of 1832 

• legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain

12. British Raj 

• British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India

13. Presidencies 

• three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India; capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay

14. Tropical dependencies 

• small nations that were protected by larger nations from attacks by others

15. Settlement colonies 

• areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants

16. White dominions

• colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were  typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century

17. Great Trek 

• migration of Boers away from Cape Colony during the 1830s and 1840s as a means to avoid British control

18. Boer War 

• fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa

19. Nabobs 

• name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation

20. Sepoys

• troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India

Chapter 22: Ming China and Japan (1450-1750)

Chapter 22: Ming China and Japan (1450-1750)

• Vasco da Gama

• brought Eruoepeans to the Eastern trading system

• huge turning point for Europeans

• Portugeuse are leaders

• Asian states had little interest in European goods

• no quality = no value or desire

• only wanted silver

• Europe was a minor player in Asia

• sets up for a massive expansion later

ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS

• EUROPEAN TRADE DEFICIT

• Asians had little interest in European goods; however, Europeans had a high demand for Asian luxury goods

• Asians already owned items and only wanted silver

• "Heathen" Muslims firmly entrenched as the traders in the region

• challenge for Europeans to break into system

• INDIAN OCEAN TRADING NETWORK

• African/Arab Zone - ivory, gems, gold, animals

• Indian Zone - spice, cotton, salt, pepper

• Chinese Zone - luxury goods

• ships bounced from port to port

• navigation depended on monsoons

• regionalism allowed Europeans to enter system

• piracy

• EUROPEAN EMPIRES

• Coastal empires

• do not penetrate interior

• comparable to African port cities

• bought liscenses and land from rulers

• gained access to goods

• spread European culture

• Mumbai & Calcutta

• Portugeuse Empires

• sea worthy ships

• caravels

• salvage many ports

• spices were main goal

• mercantilism

• piracy

• THE DUTCH EMPIRE

• 1600s took over from the Portugeuse

• attacked Portugeuse and made deals with local rulers

• focused on specific products

• cinnamon and nutmeg

• basic for success

• tribute system

• set up ports and got locals to pay them in spices

• MISSIONARIES

• failure of conversion

• Portugeuse were zealous Catholics after Reconquista

• could not penetrate old religions

• success in the Phillippines

• syncretism

MING CHINA

• last native Chinese dynasty

• FOUNDATIONS

• revolts against Yuan dynasty after failure of Japanese invasion

• aura of Mongol power diminished

• Zhu Yuanzhuang declared Hongwu emperor

• whitewashed Mongols out of China

• tried to remove any trace of Mongols

• ***BEGAN SUSPICION OF FOREIGNERS***

• ORGANIZATION

• political reforms

• fear of conspiracy

• against emperor

• led to oppression

• mass censorship

• rebuilt Nanjing

• capitol in Southern China

• economic reforms

• gave land to peasants

• free of feudal traditions

• surplus production

• increased wealth for landlords

• decreased taxes

• RETURN OF SCHOLAR GENTRY

• revival of the civil service exam

• highly competitive

• more, better jobs because of higher education

• return of Neo-Confucianism

• women lose status and rights

• footbinding

• concubines

• desire for male children

• GROWTH AND ACHIEVEMENT

• population boom due to New World crops

• corn, pepper, potato

• new land can be cultivated

• people move into interior

• developed new cooking styles

• Ming Porcelain

• blue and white

• luxury goods

• fine and precious

• iconic

• Ming Scroll Painting

• painted on silk

• nature imagery

• monochromatic

• Capitol moved to Forbidden City

• moved from Meijing to Beijing

• SILVER TRADE

• Europeans have high demand for Chinese goods

• Chinese don't take European goods

• lack quality

• creates struggle for Europeans

• China will only take silver in exchange

• silver flows into Europe from Latin America

• funneled through Spanish colony in Phiillippines

• fuels inflation in China and immigration to other areas

• Europeans loosing silver/profit

• unable to fund wars

• finally use opium for trade

• creates addiction in China, which then increases the demand

• MISSIONARIES TO CHINA

• many Jesuits went to China hoping to convert Chinese

• famous Matteo Ricci

• smart teachers and debaters

• unsuccessful because deep entrenched religions already existed there

• able to transmit European technology

• water pumps and physical science

• ADMIRAL ZHENG HE (CHENG HO)

• Ming "Treasure Fleet"

• each ship 400' long and 160' wide

• 20,000 sailors

• 63 ships

• reestablished tribute system and glory of Chinese empire

• TRIBUTE SYSTEM

• shut down after 1500s

• cost to maintain Zheng He's travels

• burned ships in attempt to forget period

• FALL OF THE MING

• failure of the leadership

• weak, detached leader = corruption

• collapsing public works

• Manchu nomads invade from north and in 1644 the Ming are destroyed

• Manchu are non-natives

• rule lasts until 1910

JAPAN

• similar pattern of resistance

• SENGOKU - ERA OF WARRING STATES

• in the late 15th century and early 16th cenutry, Japan was divided in civil war

• UNIFICATION OF JAPAN

• Oda Nabunaga conquered most of Japan by 1582 with guns

• his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, conquered the rest of Japan

• limited weapons only to Samuri

• TOKUGAWA BAKUFU SHOGUNATE

• Tokugawa Ieyasu takes power in 1605

• claims title of shogun

• moves capitol to Edo (Tokyo)

• sets strict class system

• Samuri

• Farmers

• Artisans

• Traders

• establishes relative peace

• EUROPEAN CONTACT

• Portugeuse and Dutch arrive

• traded guns

• Catholic (Jesuit) missionaries come to convert Japanese

• SOKOKO - CLOSED COUNTRY

• 1635 the Shogun bans all European influence in Japan

• fear of Catholic instability

• trade only allowed through the Dutch at port of Nagasaki

• TWO SCHOOLS OF EDUCATION

• Rangoku - Dutch Studies

• Japanese learned about European sceince and technology

• School of National Learning

• stressed Japanese unique history

• avoided foregin concepts

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

• Affect of Europe on Asia

• most Asians not affected

• few new exchanges of goods

• Europeans adapted to existing patterns

• Asian empires and cultures too strong to be dominated by Europeans

• China and Japan both closed themselves to most Europeans and their ideas

• ***BECAUSE ASIAN STATES STOPPED PROGRESSING AND TAKING IN IDEAS, EUROPE WILL SURGE AHEAD AND COME TO DOMINATE THE GLOBE***

• after 4000 years, Europe will become the world's technological, political, and economic leader