1. Imperialism
- policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire over foreign countries
2. Industrialization
- manufacturing on a large scale; revolution started in Great Britain
3. Nationalism
- political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other isms; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin
4.Congress of Vienna
- meeting in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes
5. Luddite
- British textile merchants who protested against the Industrial Revolution because they felt it was taking away their jobs; oftentimes destroyed looms
6. Revolutions of 1848
- liberal and nationalistic rebellions that provided temporary gains but collapsed under the hostility of conservative peasants and growing fears of disorder among the bourgeoise
7. Romanticism
- artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection
8. Liberals
- political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
9. Radicals
- political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes
10. Conservatives
- political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church
11. Reform Bill of 1832
- legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain
12. British Raj
- British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India
13. Presidencies
- three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India; capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay
14. Tropical dependencies
- small nations that were protected by larger nations from attacks by others
15. Settlement colonies
- areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants
16. White dominions
- colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century
17. Great Trek
- migration of Boers away from Cape Colony during the 1830s and 1840s as a means to avoid British control
18. Boer War
- fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa
19. Nabobs
- name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation
20. Sepoys
- troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India
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