Chapter 22: Ming China and Japan (1450-1750)

Chapter 22: Ming China and Japan (1450-1750)

• Vasco da Gama

• brought Eruoepeans to the Eastern trading system

• huge turning point for Europeans

• Portugeuse are leaders

• Asian states had little interest in European goods

• no quality = no value or desire

• only wanted silver

• Europe was a minor player in Asia

• sets up for a massive expansion later

ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS

• EUROPEAN TRADE DEFICIT

• Asians had little interest in European goods; however, Europeans had a high demand for Asian luxury goods

• Asians already owned items and only wanted silver

• "Heathen" Muslims firmly entrenched as the traders in the region

• challenge for Europeans to break into system

• INDIAN OCEAN TRADING NETWORK

• African/Arab Zone - ivory, gems, gold, animals

• Indian Zone - spice, cotton, salt, pepper

• Chinese Zone - luxury goods

• ships bounced from port to port

• navigation depended on monsoons

• regionalism allowed Europeans to enter system

• piracy

• EUROPEAN EMPIRES

• Coastal empires

• do not penetrate interior

• comparable to African port cities

• bought liscenses and land from rulers

• gained access to goods

• spread European culture

• Mumbai & Calcutta

• Portugeuse Empires

• sea worthy ships

• caravels

• salvage many ports

• spices were main goal

• mercantilism

• piracy

• THE DUTCH EMPIRE

• 1600s took over from the Portugeuse

• attacked Portugeuse and made deals with local rulers

• focused on specific products

• cinnamon and nutmeg

• basic for success

• tribute system

• set up ports and got locals to pay them in spices

• MISSIONARIES

• failure of conversion

• Portugeuse were zealous Catholics after Reconquista

• could not penetrate old religions

• success in the Phillippines

• syncretism

MING CHINA

• last native Chinese dynasty

• FOUNDATIONS

• revolts against Yuan dynasty after failure of Japanese invasion

• aura of Mongol power diminished

• Zhu Yuanzhuang declared Hongwu emperor

• whitewashed Mongols out of China

• tried to remove any trace of Mongols

• ***BEGAN SUSPICION OF FOREIGNERS***

• ORGANIZATION

• political reforms

• fear of conspiracy

• against emperor

• led to oppression

• mass censorship

• rebuilt Nanjing

• capitol in Southern China

• economic reforms

• gave land to peasants

• free of feudal traditions

• surplus production

• increased wealth for landlords

• decreased taxes

• RETURN OF SCHOLAR GENTRY

• revival of the civil service exam

• highly competitive

• more, better jobs because of higher education

• return of Neo-Confucianism

• women lose status and rights

• footbinding

• concubines

• desire for male children

• GROWTH AND ACHIEVEMENT

• population boom due to New World crops

• corn, pepper, potato

• new land can be cultivated

• people move into interior

• developed new cooking styles

• Ming Porcelain

• blue and white

• luxury goods

• fine and precious

• iconic

• Ming Scroll Painting

• painted on silk

• nature imagery

• monochromatic

• Capitol moved to Forbidden City

• moved from Meijing to Beijing

• SILVER TRADE

• Europeans have high demand for Chinese goods

• Chinese don't take European goods

• lack quality

• creates struggle for Europeans

• China will only take silver in exchange

• silver flows into Europe from Latin America

• funneled through Spanish colony in Phiillippines

• fuels inflation in China and immigration to other areas

• Europeans loosing silver/profit

• unable to fund wars

• finally use opium for trade

• creates addiction in China, which then increases the demand

• MISSIONARIES TO CHINA

• many Jesuits went to China hoping to convert Chinese

• famous Matteo Ricci

• smart teachers and debaters

• unsuccessful because deep entrenched religions already existed there

• able to transmit European technology

• water pumps and physical science

• ADMIRAL ZHENG HE (CHENG HO)

• Ming "Treasure Fleet"

• each ship 400' long and 160' wide

• 20,000 sailors

• 63 ships

• reestablished tribute system and glory of Chinese empire

• TRIBUTE SYSTEM

• shut down after 1500s

• cost to maintain Zheng He's travels

• burned ships in attempt to forget period

• FALL OF THE MING

• failure of the leadership

• weak, detached leader = corruption

• collapsing public works

• Manchu nomads invade from north and in 1644 the Ming are destroyed

• Manchu are non-natives

• rule lasts until 1910

JAPAN

• similar pattern of resistance

• SENGOKU - ERA OF WARRING STATES

• in the late 15th century and early 16th cenutry, Japan was divided in civil war

• UNIFICATION OF JAPAN

• Oda Nabunaga conquered most of Japan by 1582 with guns

• his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, conquered the rest of Japan

• limited weapons only to Samuri

• TOKUGAWA BAKUFU SHOGUNATE

• Tokugawa Ieyasu takes power in 1605

• claims title of shogun

• moves capitol to Edo (Tokyo)

• sets strict class system

• Samuri

• Farmers

• Artisans

• Traders

• establishes relative peace

• EUROPEAN CONTACT

• Portugeuse and Dutch arrive

• traded guns

• Catholic (Jesuit) missionaries come to convert Japanese

• SOKOKO - CLOSED COUNTRY

• 1635 the Shogun bans all European influence in Japan

• fear of Catholic instability

• trade only allowed through the Dutch at port of Nagasaki

• TWO SCHOOLS OF EDUCATION

• Rangoku - Dutch Studies

• Japanese learned about European sceince and technology

• School of National Learning

• stressed Japanese unique history

• avoided foregin concepts

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

• Affect of Europe on Asia

• most Asians not affected

• few new exchanges of goods

• Europeans adapted to existing patterns

• Asian empires and cultures too strong to be dominated by Europeans

• China and Japan both closed themselves to most Europeans and their ideas

• ***BECAUSE ASIAN STATES STOPPED PROGRESSING AND TAKING IN IDEAS, EUROPE WILL SURGE AHEAD AND COME TO DOMINATE THE GLOBE***

• after 4000 years, Europe will become the world's technological, political, and economic leader