Latin America & Africa Study Guide

Chapter 19 Early Latin America

1. How did Iberian society influence Spanish and Portuguese conquests?

• always a setting of interactions between cultures

2. What Iberian institutions were transplanted to the Americas?

• urban
• male dominance
• encomiendas
• slavery
• bureaucracy
• merchants & trade

3. How did the Caribbean serve as a model of the Spanish Empire?

• laborers divided to form encomiendas
• Spanish kill natives with weapons & disease
• cities much like those in Iberian area
• grid plan (like India?)
• plaza
• laws for both Spanish & natives
• church power
• women came = settlement, not conquest
• ranches in place of gold searching

4. Discuss the economy of the American colonies.

• Indian encomiendas
• self-sufficient
• agricultural
• mining
• silver
• haciendas

5. What effects did the Spanish contacts and conquests have on Indian society?

• population
• indians pushed into towns & their land stolen
• enslavement illegal
• encomiendas harsh

6. What was the Great Exchange and how did it affect societies around the world?

• Columbian Exchange
• American plants Europe = Europe population
• disease = American population
• animals New World

7. How did Spain manage and organize its empire and colonial possessions?

• ruled by crown with papal grant
• vice royalties & magistrates
• owned subsoil rights
• silver & mercury
• convoys moved silver
• board of trade controlled commerce

8. How did the discovery of gold & diamonds change the economic organization of Brazil?

• sugar = gold
• more people come
• mines worked by slaves
• coastal agriculture
• Indian population

9. What effects did the 18th century reform movements have on Latin America?

• colonies self-sufficient
• local aristocrats take control
• taxation reforms
• open trade
• state monopolies
• population

10. Describe the social hierarchy of the American colonies.

• man dominance
• nobility
• Peninsulares vs. Creoles
• those born in Europe vs. their descendants born in Latin America

Chapter 20 Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade
1. How did the arrival of Portugal (and other Europeans) affect West Africa?

• trade
• Christianity
• Europeans thought Africans were pagan savages
• European permanent settlements
• slavery

2. Why did the slave trades arise and how did they affect Africa?

• needed for manual labour in the Americas and Africa
• population
• women wanted to be concubines & men wanted for labour

3. How many Africans were enslaved and where did they go?

• Trans Atlantic Trade
• 12 Million go
• 10 or 11 Million survive travels
• 40% to Brazil
• Sugar Plantations & Mining
• Other Slave Trades
• 3 Million

4. How was the slave trade organized and who controlled the trade?

• reflected European political system
• Portugeuse, English, French, Dutch
• made deals with African rulers
• paid in iron bars. brass rings, cowry shells
• healthy man = standard unit called “Indies piece”
• slaves moved from interior to exterior through local traders

5. How did African slavery differ from American slavery?

• had developed pre-European times
• slaves had many jobs
• treatment of them varied
• women slaves

6. How did the slave trade influence African politics and the rise of states?

• Africa dependant on Europe
• follow political structures
• divine right of rulers
• councils to limit powers of ruler

• Asante
• gained firearms
• Osei Tutu, the king, deals with Dutch traders
• controlled gold-producing regions
• Benin
• Dahomny
• firearms enable it to become an autocracy
• based on slave trade
• Islamization
• Sokoto
• cultural & social change
• slave trade

7. What developments occurred in East Africa?

• Swahili ivory, gold, & slaves
• states

8. What was the Mfecane and how did it affect Southern Africa?

• a time of wars and wandering
• creation of new states

9. How did African cultures, religions, and institutions change outside of Africa?

• early slave institution
• capitalism
• syncretism of African religions with Christianity

10. Why did the slave trade come to an end?

• people begin to think that slavery is cruel
• abolitionists in Britain pressure other nations to follow1. Encomiendas

• forced labor system that developed; grants of laborers

• 2.Bartolome de las Casas

• Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native Americans and opposed forced labor

• 3. Mita
• 4. Conquistador
• 5. Haciendas

• rural estates; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of weath and power for local aristocracy

• 6.Treaty of Tordesillas

• signed in 1494 between castile and portugal; split world in half

• 7.Council of the Indies

• body within the Castilian gov that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the spanish colonies

• 8. Viceroyalties

• rulers set in place in LA that were chosen by the king himself; ruled over two major empires in new world

• 9. Captaincies

• strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor portuguese nobles fro development; enjoyed limited success

• 10. Sociedad de las Castas

• social system based on racial origins; peninsulares, creoles, mestizos and mulattos, then Africans and Native americans

• 11. Peninsulares

• born in Europe but moved to LA

• 12. Creoles

• whites born in new world; dominated local LA economies

• 13. Lancados

• portuguese settlers in w. africa

• 14. Indies Piece

• value of adult male slave

• 15. Triangular Trade

• columbian exchange

• 16. Great Trek

• moevment of boer settlements in cape colony to escape influence of british colonial gov in 1834; settlements in orange river and natal

• 17. Mfecane

• wars of 19th century in s. africa; created by zulu expansion; recolutionized political organization of s. africa

• 18. Middle Passage

• slave voyage across atlantic sea

• 19. Factories

• euro. trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; all throughtout portuguese tradingempire to assure secure landing places and commerce

• 20. Asantehene

• title of Asante civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool