Rise Of Europe Study Guide

SORRY I DO NOT HAVE CHAPTER 16 OR THE INTRO TYPED UP AT THIS TIME.  I'LL TRY TO GET THEM UP SOON.

Chapter 17

Transformation of the West, 1450 – 1750

1. What were the major differences between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance?

• Italian
• 14th & 15th centuries
• artistic movement
• fine arts
• Petrach & Boccaccio promote classical literary canons
• write in Italian & Latin
• love & pride
• painting turned to new realism and classical and human-centered themes
• Leonardo da Vinci creates realistic portrayal of human
• Michelangelo used classical styles in painting & sculpture
• philosophical movements
• religious focus
• Niccolo Machiavelli creates realistic discussion on how to gain and maintain power
• uses realism
• challenged medieval intellectual values and styles
• factors
• extensive urban, commercial economy
• competitive city state politics
• imitation of classical Greco-Roman literature & arts
• humanism
• politics and commerce
• banking techniques
• merchants seek profit more openly
• new political forms & functions
• rule not based on hereditary or divine guidance, but on the what they could do to advance general well-being and their city’s glory
• gov. sponsored cultural activities & tired t improve the administration of the economy
• development of professional armies & new military tactics and training
• diplomacy
• exchange of ambassadors
• Northern
• focused in France, the Low Countries, Germany, and England
• began after 1450
• fine arts
• emphasis on Classical Greco-Roman concepts
• art & architecture
• literacy
• Shakespeare and Rabelais mix classical themes and still maintained medieval culture
• new classics
• Shakespeare & Cervantes
• politics
• money & operations , kings pomp & ceremony
• patrons of the arts, sponsored trading companies or colonial enterprises
• interest in military conquest
• power politics abandoned feudal/religious justifications from the past
• philosophical movements
• humanists more religious
• try to blend secular interests with Christianity
• Both
• kings confined by power of feudal landlords
• peasant life was unchanged
• economic change was only in Italian centers
• women subordinate

2. How did the Protestant and Catholic Reformations change European culture and society?

• Protestant
• Martin Luther
• God could not be manipulated by indulgences
• priests can marry
• Bible translated from Latin
• Feudal kings became Protestant so they could capture church lands
• moneymaking accepted
• Catholic
• Jesuit missionaries
• Asia & Americas

3. What was the effect of the wars of religion on Europe?

• decline of power for pope
• territorial tolerance concept
• less connection before God and nature
• husbands should love their wives
• literacy rate

4. Describe the causes and results of the commercial revolution.

• causes
• price inflation
• demand for products but production levels could not support it
• results
• great trading companies
• monopolies
• technology
• proteriat class
• witchcraft persecution

5. What was the Scientific Revolution?  What were some major discoveries?

• rise of intellectual thinking
• discoveries
• Copernicius
• planets revolve around sun
• Galileo
• laws of gravity and planetary motion
• William Harvey
• circulatory movement of blood in animals
• heart central pumping station
• Isaac Newton
• used astronomical & physical observations to produce natural laws

6. What are the elements of an absolute monarchy?  Where did absolute monarchies develop?

• developed in France
• king with centralized authority and professional bureaucracy
• no interference from feudal lords

7. What was a parliamentary (or constitutional) monarchy? Where did they develop?

• developed in England
• parliament had sovereignty over king
• power came from people, who could revolt if necessary

8. What was the Enlightenment?  How did it expand on the scientific revolution?

• the continuation of science on human society
• rational laws described both physical and social behavior
• humans are naturally good, reason was key to truth, intolerant/blind religion was wrong

9. What was the relationship between the Enlightenment and changes in popular culture and government?

10. What changes occurred in social structures, families, and gender relations during this period?

• families show affection to one another
• female but still low status

Chapter 18

The Rise of Russia

1. Into what areas did Russia expand and how was this accomplished?
1. Asia & eastern Europe
2. they gained freedom from Tartar/Mongol control
3. Ivan III/Ivan the Great

2. How had Mongol rule affected Russia?
1. never changed Russian values
1. rulers want tribute, not government
2. reduced enthusiasum of Russian culutre
1. literacy only among clergy
2. economy
3. relied on agriculture

3. What was the nature of Russian expansion under the Ivans’?
1. motivation to push back Mongols
2. give new lands to nobles
3. soccacks/pioneers migrate to new lands
4. trade
5. look at West for culture

4. How did Peter the Great try to “westernize” Russia?
1. organize military & bureaucracy after West
1. improve weapons
2. navy
2. law codes
3. abolished whip practice
4. Western clothing & styles
5. education

5. What was the extent of Westernization under Catherine the Great?
1. French philosophers
2. reduction of traditional punishments
3. patron of Western arts
6. What was the nature of Russian serfdom?

7. Why did Russia become economically dependent on the West?

8. What themes have dominated Russian history, and how have they affected Russian development?

9. What characteristics did Eastern Europe share with Russia?

Identify

Who? What? Where? When?

1. Columbian Exchange
1. biological and ecological exhange taht took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred
2. East India Companies
1. Dutch: joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
2. British: joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
3. Vasco da Gama
1. Portuguese captain who sailed for India in 1497; established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean
4. Cape Colony
1. Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus
5. Boers
1. Dutch settlers in Cape Colony, in southern Africa
6. Seven Years’ War
1. fought both in continenet Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America
7. Mercantilism
1. economic theory that stressed governments’ promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe
8. Calcutta
1. headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years’ War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal
9. European family style
1. originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married
10. Humanism
1. a focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; prominant in Italian Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries
11. Protestant Reformation
1. reformation started when Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses on the Wittenburg church door in 1517; against traditional Catholicism
12. Catholic Reformation
1. Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
13. Indulgences
1. Letter excusing one from a sin (or multiple sins) in exchange for money
14. Predestination
1. The philosophy that one's path and fate in life has been predetermined by God; John Calvin
15. Jesuits
1. a new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia
16. Commercial Revolution
1. period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism
17. Proletariat
1. class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, products of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries
18. Scientific Revolution
1. culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages
19. Adam Smith
1. established liberal economies; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces
20. Deism
1. concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun
21. Absolute Monarchy
1. concept of government developed during the rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies
22. Parliamentary Monarchy
1. originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments
23. The Enlightenment
1. intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
24. Martin Luther
1. German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church
25. Glorious Revolution
1. English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king
26. Boyars
1. the aristocrats from Russia
27. Pugachev Rebellion
1. during 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter
28. Cossacks
1. peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements
29. Westernization
1. policy of making the upper class in Russia more like Western Euorpe through absolutism, clothing, etc.; established by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
30. Partition of Poland
1. division of polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe